Day of Ashura
| Day of Ashura | |
|---|---|
| Official name | Arabic: shr ; Turkish: Aure Günü |
| Also called | Hosay, Tabuik, Tabot |
| Observed by | Shi'a Muslims and Sunni Muslims |
| Type | Islamic and national (In some countries such as Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey, Lebanon, Pakistan, Iraq, and India) |
| Significance | Marks the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali according to Shi'a Islam; The day that Moses fasted as gratitude for the liberation of the Israelites according to Sunni Islam) |
| Observances | Fasting (Sunni Islam) & Mourn and derive messages from Husayn's "sacrifice" (Shi'a Islam) |
| Date | 10 Muharram |
| 2014 date | 4 November |
| 2015 date | 23 October |
| Frequency | annual |
 |
| Part of a series on |
| Islamic culture |
|---|
| Architecture |
|
| Art |
|
| Dress |
|
| Holidays |
|
| Literature |
|
| Music |
|
| Theatre |
|
|
Islam portalThe Day of Ashura (Arabic: shr , colloquially: /a()ura/; Urdu: ; Persian: /u/; Turkish: Aure Günü) is on the tenth day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the climax of the Remembrance of Muharram. This day is commemorated by Sunni Muslims (who refer to it as The Day of Atonement) as the day on which the Israelites were freed from the Pharaoh (called 'Firaun' in Arabic) of Egypt. According to Sunni Muslim tradition, Ibn Abbas narrates that Muhammad came to Madina and saw the Jews fasting on the tenth day of Muharram. He asked, What is this? They said, This is a good day, this is the day when Allah saved the Children of Israel from their enemy and Musa (Moses) fasted on this day. He said, We are closer to Musa than you. So he fasted on the day and told the people to fast.[1][2][3][4]
However, Shi'a Muslims refute these stories and maintain that Ashura is a day of great sorrow due to the tragic events of Karbala. In support of this claim, they cite many stories and hadith of the Islamic prophet Muhammad which mention that he wept profusely upon being informed of this day, as well as occasions when he talked about how Muslims would kill his beloved grandson Husayn along with his family, relatives, friends, and supporters[citation needed].
It is commemorated by Shi'a Muslims as a day of mourning for the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad at the Battle of Karbala on 10 Muharram in the year 61 AH ( in AHt: October 10, 680 CE). The massacre of Husayn with small group of his companions and family members had great impact on the religious conscience of Muslims. Especially Shia Muslims have ever remembered it with sorrow and passion.[5] Mourning for Husayn and his companions began almost immediately after the Battle of Karbala, by his survivor relatives and supporters. Popular elegies were made by poets to commemorate Battle of Karbala during Umayyads and Abbasids era. The earliest public mourning rituals happened in 963 CE during Buyid dynasty.[6] Nowadays, in some countries such as Afghanistan,[7]Iran,[8]Iraq,[9]Lebanon,[10]Bahrain,[11]Turkey[12] and Pakistan,[13] the Commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali has become a national holiday and most ethnic and religious communities participate in it.[14][15] Even in a predominantly Hindu majority but secular country like India, Ashura (10th day in the month of Muharram) is a public holiday due to the presence of a significant Indian Shia Muslim population (2-3% of total population, 20-25% of Indian Muslim population).
Etymology of Ashura
The root for the word Ashura has the meaning of tenth in Semitic languages; hence the name of the remembrance, literally translated, means "the tenth day". According to the orientalist A.J. Wensinck, the name is derived from the Hebrew sr, with the Aramaic determinative ending.[16] The day is indeed the tenth day of the month, although some Islamic scholars offer up different etymologies.
In his book Ghuniyatut Talibin, Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani writes that the Islamic scholars have a difference of opinion as to why this day is known as Ashura, with some scholars suggesting that this day is the tenth most important day that God has blessed Muslims with.[citation needed]
Historical background
In April 680, Yazid I succeeded his father Muawiyah as the new caliph. Yazid immediately instructed the governor of Medina to compel Hussayn and few other prominent figures to pledge their allegiance (Bay'ah).[5] Husayn, however, refrained from it believing that Yazid was openly going against the teachings of Islam in public and changing the sunnah of Muhammad.[17][18] He, therefore, accompanied by his household, his sons, brothers, and the sons of Hasan left Medina to seek asylum in Mecca.[5]
On the other hand, the people in Kufa who were informed about Muawiyah 's death, sent letters urging Husayn to join them and pledge to support him against Umayyads. Husayn wrote back to them saying that he would send his cousin Muslim ibn Aqeel to report to him on the situation. If he found them united as their letters indicated he would speedily join them, because Imam should act in accordance with the Quran, uphold justice, proclaim the truth, and dedicate himself to the cause of God. The mission of Moslem was initially successful and according to reports 18,000 men pledged their allegiance. But situation changed radically when Yazid appointed Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad as the new governor of Kufah, ordering him to deal severely with Ibn Aqeel. Before news of the adverse turn of events arrived in Mecca, Husayn set out for Kufa.[5]
On the way, Husayn found that his messenger, Muslim ibn Aqeel, was killed in Kufa. He broke the news to his supporters and informed them that people had deserted him. Then, he encouraged anyone who so wished, to leave freely without guilt. Most of those who had joined him at various stages on the way from Mecca now left him. Later, Husayn encountered with the army of Ubaydullah ibn Ziyad in his path towards Kufa. Husayn addressed the Kufans army, reminding them that they had invited him to come because they were without an Imam. He told them that he intended to proceed to Kufa with their support, but if they were now opposed to his coming, he would return to where he had come from. However, the army urged him to choose another way. Thus, he turned to left and reached Karbala, where the army forced him not to go further and stop at a location that was without water.[5]
Umar ibn Sa'ad, the head of Kufan army, sent a messenger to Husayn to inquire about the purpose of his coming to Iraq. Husayn answered again that he had responded to the invitation of the people of Kufa but was ready to leave if they now disliked his presence. When Umar ibn Sa'ad, the head of Kufan army, reported it back to Ubaydullah ibn Ziyad, the governor instructed him to offer usayn and his supporters the opportunity to swear allegiance to Yazid. He also ordered Umar ibn Sa'ad to cut off HUsayn and his followers from access to the water of the Euphrates.[5]
On the Day of Ashura
On the next morning, as Omar b. Sad arranged the Kufan army in battle order, Al-Hurr ibn Yazid al Tamimi challenged him and went over to usayn. He vainly addressed the Kufans, rebuking them for their treachery to the grandson of the Prophet, and was killed in the battle.[5]
The Battle of Karbala lasted from morning till sunset of October 10, 680 (Muharram 10, 61 AH) all Husayn's small group of companions and family members (in total who were around 72 men and few ladies and children)[a][20][21] fought with a large army under the command of Umar ibn Sa'ad. and were killed near the river (Euphrates) where they were not allowed to get any water from. The renowned historian Ab Rayn al-Brn states; " then fire was set to their camp and the bodies were trampled by the hoofs of the horses; nobody in the history of the human kind has seen such atrocities."[22] Before being killed, Husayn said "If the religion of Muhammad was not going to live on except with me dead, let the swords tear me to pieces."[23][unreliable source?] Once the Umayyad troops had mass murdered Husayn and his male followers, they looted the tents, stripped the women of their jewelry, and took the skin upon which Zain al-Abidin was prostrate. It is said that Shemr was about to kill him but Husayns sister Zaynab was able to make Umar ibn Sa'ad, the Umayyad commander to let him alive. He was taken along with the enslaved women to the caliph in Damascus, and eventually he was allowed to return to Medina.[24][25]
What People Say About this Day
- Edward Gibbon says:In a distant age and climate the tragic scene of the death of Hussyn will awaken the sympathy of the coldest reader.[27]
- William Muir states: The tragedy of Karbala decided not only the fate of the caliphate, but of the Mohammedan kingdoms long after the Caliphate had waned and disappeared.[28]
- Zayn al-Abidin says: No day was more difficult for Allahs Messenger than the Day (Battle) of Uhud in which his uncle Hamza, the lion of Allah and the lion of His Messenger, was killed, and after it was the Day of Mu'tah in which his cousin Ja'far ibn Abi Talib was killed. Then he (Zayn al-Abidin) said: There was no day like the Day of Husayn, when thirty thousand men advanced against him (while) they claimed that they belonged to this community, and that they (wanted) to seek proximity to Allah, the Great and Almighty, through (shedding) his blood. He (al-Husayn) reminded them of Allah, but they did not learn (from him) till they killed him out of (their) oppression and aggression.[b][29]
Commemoration of the death of Husayn ibn Ali
| A series of articles on |
| Imam of Islam Husayn ibn Ali Prophet Muhammed's grand-son |
|---|
 Husayn bin Ali with Islamic calligraphy |
| Life |
|
| Remembrance |
|
| Perspectives |
|
History of the commemoration by Shi'a
According to Ignác Goldziher ever since the black day of Karbala, the history of this family has been a continuous series of sufferings and persecutions. These are narrated in poetry and prose, in a richly cultivated literature of martyrologies 'More touching than the tears of the Shi'is' has even become an Arabic proverb.[30] The first assembly (majlis) of Commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali, it is said to have been held by Zaynab in prison. In Damascus, too, she is reported to have delivered a poignant oration. The prison sentence ended when Husayn's 3 year old daughter, Sukayna, died in captivity. She would often cry in prison to be allowed to see her father. She is believed to have died when she saw her father's mutilated head. Her death caused an uproar in the city, and Yazid, fearful of a potential resulting revolution, freed the captives.[31]
In terms of Imam Zayn AL Abidin(A.S.)The following is said about the Holy Imam.It is said that for twenty years whenever food was placed before him, he would weep. One day a servant said to him, O son of Allahs Messenger! Is it not time for your sorrow to come to an end? He replied, Woe upon you! Jacob the prophet had twelve sons, and Allah made one of them disappear. His eyes turned white from constant weeping, his head turned grey out of sorrow, and his back became bent in gloom,[c] though his son was alive in this world. But I watched while my father, my brother, my uncle, and seventeen members of my family were slaughtered all around me. How should my sorrow come to an end?[d][29][32]
Husayn's grave became a pilgrimage site among Shiite only a few years after his death. A tradition of pilgrimage to the Imam Husayn Shrine and the other Karbala martyrs quickly developed, which is known as Ziarat Ashura.[33] The Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs tried to prevent construction of the shrines and discouraged pilgrimage to the sites.[34] The tomb and its annexes were destroyed by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil in 850851 and Shi'a pilgrimage was prohibited, but shrines in Karbala and Najaf were built by the Buwayhid emir 'Adud al-Daula in 979-80.[35]
Public rites of remembrance for Husayn's martyrdom developed from the early pilgrimages[citation needed]. Under the Buyid dynasty, Mu'izz ad-Dawla officiated at public commemoration of Ashura in Baghdad[citation needed]. These commemorations were also encouraged in Egypt by the Fatimid caliph al-'Aziz[citation needed]. From Seljuq times[citation needed], Ashura rituals began to attract participants from a variety of backgrounds, including Sunnis[citation needed]. With the recognition of Twelvers as the official religion by the Safavids, Mourning of Muharram extended throughout the first ten days of Muharram.[33]
Significance of Ashura for Shi'as
| Mourning of Muharram |
|---|
| Events |
|
| Figures |
|
| Places |
|
| Times |
|
| Customs |
|
This day is of particular significance to Twelver Shi'a and Alawites, who consider Husayn (the grandson of Muhammad) Ahl al-Bayt the third Imam to be the rightful successor of Muhammad.
According to Kamran Scot Aghaie:"The symbols and rituals of Ashura have evolved over time and have meant different things to different people. However, at the core of the symbolism of Ashura is the moral dichotomy between worldly injustice and corruption on the one hand and God-centered justice, piety, sacrifice and perseverance on the other. Also, Shiite Muslims consider the remembrance of the tragic events of Ashura to be an importance way of worshiping God in a spiritual or mystical way."[37]
Shi'as make pilgrimages on Ashura, as they do forty days later on Arba'een, to the Mashhad al-Husayn, the shrine in Karbala, Iraq that is traditionally held to be Husayn's tomb. On this day Shi'a are in remembrance, and mourning attire is worn. They refrain from music, since Arabic culture generally considers music impolite during death rituals. It is a time for sorrow and respect of the person's passing, and it is also a time for self-reflection, when one commits oneself to the mourning of the Husayn completely. Weddings and parties are also not planned on this date by Shi'as. Shi'as also express mourning by crying and listening to recollections about the tragedy and sermons on how Husayn and his family were martyred. This is intended to connect them with Husayn's suffering and martyrdom, and the sacrifices he made to keep Islam alive. Husayn's martyrdom is widely interpreted by Shi'a as a symbol of the struggle against injustice, tyranny, and oppression.[38] Shi'as believe the Battle of Karbala was between the forces of good and evil with Husayn representing good while Yazid represented evil. Shi'as also believe the Battle of Karbala was fought to keep the Muslim religion untainted of any corruptions and they believed the path that Yazid was directing Islam was definitely for his own personal greed.[citation needed]
Shia Imams strongly insist that the day of Ashura should not be taken as a day of joy and festivity. According to a hadith which is reported from Ali claiming it was on that day the God forgave Adam, Noah's Ark rested on dry land, the Israelites were saved from Pharaoh's army, etc.[clarification needed] The day of Ashura, according to Eighth Shia Imam, Ali al-Rida, must be observed as a day of inactivity, sorrow and total disregard of worldly cares.[39]
Some of the events associated with Ashura are held in special congregation halls known as "Imambargah" and Hussainia.[citation needed]
Cutting with knives or chains
Suffering and cutting the body with knives or chains (matam) was banned by the Shi'a marja Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran and by Hezbollah in Lebanon.[40] Other marjas like Mohammad al-Husayni al-Shirazi promote hemic flagellation rituals as a way of preserving the revolution of Imam al-Husayn.[40]
On Ashura, some Shi'a observe mourning with blood donation which is called "Qame Zani" and flailing.[41]
Certain traditional flagellation rituals such as Talwar zani (talwar ka matam or sometimes tatbir) use a sword. Other rituals such as zanjeer zani or zanjeer matam involve the use of a zanjeer (a chain with blades).[42]
These religious customs show solidarity with Husayn and his family. Through them, people mourn Husayn's death and regret the fact that they were not present at the battle to fight and save Husayn and his family.[43][44]
In some areas, such as in the Shi'a suburb of Beirut, Shi'a communities organize blood donation drives with organizations like the Red Cross or the Red Crescent on Ashura as a replacement for self-flagellation rituals like "tatbir" and "qame zani."[40]
Some Shi'a believe that taking part in Ashura washes away their sins.[45] A popular Shi'a saying has it that, "a single tear shed for Husayn washes away a hundred sins."[46]
Popular customs
For Shi'as, commemoration of Ashura is not a festival, but rather a sad event, while Sunni Muslims view it as a victory God has given to his prophet, Moses. This victory is the very reason, as Sunni Muslims believe, Muhammad mentioned when recommending fasting on this day. For Shi'as, it is a period of intense grief and mourning. Mourners congregate at a Mosque for sorrowful, poetic recitations such as marsiya, noha, latmiya and soaz performed in memory of the martyrdom of Husayn, lamenting and grieving to the tune of beating drums and chants of "Ya Hussain." Also Ulamas give sermons with themes of Husayn's personality and position in Islam, and the history of his uprising. The Sheikh of the mosque retells the Battle of Karbala to allow the listeners to relive the pain and sorrow endured by Husayn and his family. In Arab countries like Iraq and Lebanon they read Maqtal Al-Husayn. In some places, such as Iran, Iraq and the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Ta'zieh, passion plays, are also performed reenacting the Battle of Karbala and the suffering and martyrdom of Husayn at the hands of Yazid.[20][21]
For the duration of the remembrance, it is customary for mosques and some people to provide free meals (NAZRI) on certain nights of the month to all people[citation needed]. People donate food and Middle Eastern sweets to the mosque[citation needed]. These meals are viewed as being special and holy, as they have been consecrated in the name of Husayn, and thus partaking of them is considered an act of communion with God, Hussain, and humanity.[citation needed]
Participants congregate in public processions for ceremonial chest beating (matham/latmiya) as a display of their devotion to Husayn, in remembrance of his suffering and to preach that oppression will not last in the face of truth and justice.[47] Others pay tribute to the time period by holding a Majilis, Surahs from the Quran and Maqtal Al-Husayn are read.
Today in Indonesia, the event is known as Tabuik (Minangkabau language) or Tabut (Indonesian). Tabuik is the local manifestation of the Shi'a Muslim Mourning of Muharram among the Minangkabau people in the coastal regions of West Sumatra, particularly in the city of Pariaman. The re-enactment includes the Battle of Karbala, and the playing of tassa and dhol drums.[citation needed]
In countries like Turkey, there is the custom of eating Noah's Pudding (Ashure) as this day in Turkish is known as Aure.
Commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali by non-Muslims
In Trinidad and Tobago[48] and Jamaica[49] all ethnic and religious communities participate in this event, locally known as "Hosay" or "Hussay", from "Husayn".
Significance of Ashura for Sunni Muslims
Not related to Ashura and Karbala, some Sunni Muslims fast on this day of Ashura based on narrations attributed to Muhammad. Some other Sunnis accept Ashura as a significant day due to the martyrdom of Imam Husayn and the significance of the events at Karbala. The fasting is to commemorate the day when Moses and his followers were saved from Pharaoh by Allah by creating a path in the Red Sea. According to Muslim tradition, the Jews used to fast on the tenth day. So Muhammad recommended to be different from the Jews and recommended fasting two days instead of one.[citation needed]. This quote has been said many times but there is no valid hadees from any authentic source. 9th and 10th or the 10th and 11th day of Muharram.
In some countries other religious communities commemorate this event. According to Hadith record in Sahih Bukhari, Ashura was already known as a commemorative day during which some Makkah residents used to observe customary fasting. Muhammad used to fast on the day of Ashura, 10th Muharram, in Makkah. When fasting the month of Ramadan became obligatory, the fast of Ashura was made non compulsory. This has been narrated by Ayesha RA, Sahih Muslim, (Hadith-2499). In hijrah event when Muhammad led his followers to Madina, he found the Jews of that area likewise observing fasts on the day of Ashura. At this, Muhammad affirmed the Islamic claim to the fast, and from then the Muslims have fasted on combinations of two or three consecutive days including the 10th of Muharram (e.g. 9th and 10th or 10th and 11th).[1][2]
A companion of Muhammad, Ibn Abbas reports Muhammad went to Madina and found the Jews fasting on the tenth of Muharram. Muhammad inquired of them, "What is the significance of this day on which you fast?" They replied, "This is a good day, the day on which God rescued the children of Israel from their enemy. So, Moses fasted this day." Muhammad said, "We have more claim over Moses than you." Muhammad then fasted on that day and ordered Muslims too.[50]
The narrations of Muhammad mentioning the Children of Israel being saved from Pharaoh are indeed confirmed by authentic hadith in Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim.
Sunnis regard fasting during Ashura as recommended, though not obligatory, having been superseded by the Ramadan fast.Sahih Muslim, (Hadith-2499)[51]
Muhammad's tribe, the Quraish, fasted on the 10th of Muharram. Though optional, Muhammad retained this pre-Islamic practice too. Below is details from the Hadith:
Narrated Ayesha RA:
'Ashura' (i.e. the tenth day of Muharram) was a day on which the tribe of Quraish used to fast in the pre-lslamic period of ignorance. The Prophet also used to fast on this day. So when he migrated to Madina, he fasted on it and ordered (the Muslims) to fast on it. When the fasting of Ramadan was enjoined, it became optional for the people to fast or not to fast on the day of Ashura.
Egyptian Muslims customarily eat a pudding (also known as Ashura) after dinner on the Day of Ashura. Similar to the Turkish Aure, it is a wheat pudding with nuts, raisins, and rose water.
Socio-political aspects
Commemoration of Ashura has great socio-political value for the Shi'a, who have been a minority throughout their history. "Al-Amd" asserts that the Shi'a transference of Al-Husayn and Karbala ' from the framework of history to the domain of ideology and everlasting legend reflects their marginal and dissenting status in Arab-Islamic society.[original research?][citation needed] According to the prevailing conditions at the time of the commemoration, such reminiscences may become a framework for implicit dissent or explicit protest. It was, for instance, used during the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the Lebanese Civil War, the Lebanese resistance against the Israeli military presence and in the 1990s Uprising in Bahrain. Sometimes the `Ashura' celebrations associate the memory of Al-Husayn's martyrdom with the conditions of Islam and Muslims in reference to Husayn's famous quote on the day of Ashura: "Every day is Ashura, every land is Karbala".[52]
From the period of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution (19051911) onward, mourning gatherings increasingly assumed a political aspect. Following an old established tradition, preachers compared the oppressors of the time with Imam Hosayn's enemies, the umayyads.[53]
The political function of commemoration was very marked in the years leading up to the Islamic Revolution of 197879, as well as during the revolution itself. In addition, the implicit self-identification of the Muslim revolutionaries with Imam Hosayn led to a blossoming of the cult of the martyr, expressed most vividly, perhaps, in the vast cemetery of Behesht-e Zahra, to the south of Tehran, where the martyrs of the revolution and the war against Iraq are buried.[53]
On the other hand some governments have banned this commemoration. In 1930s Reza Shah forbade it in Iran. The regime of Saddam Hussein saw this as a potential threat and banned Ashura commemorations for many years. In the 1884 Hosay massacre, 22 people were killed in Trinidad and Tobago when civilians attempted to carry out the Ashura rites, locally known as Hosay, in defiance of the British colonial authorities.
Violence during Ashura
The Sunni and Shi'a schism is highlighted by the difference in observance by Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. In countries that have significant populations of both sects, there is often violence during the holiday.
On June 20, 1994 the explosion of a bomb in a prayer hall of Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad[54] killed at least 25 people.[55] The Iranian government officially blamed Mujahedin-e-Khalq for the incident to avoid sectarian conflict between Shias and Sunnis.[56] However, the Pakistani daily The News International reported on March 27, 1995, "Pakistani investigators have identified a 24-year-old religious fanatic Abdul Shakoor residing in Lyari in Karachi, as an important Pakistani associate of Ramzi Yousef. Abdul Shakoor had intimate contacts with Ramzi Ahmed Yousef and was responsible for the June 20, 1994, massive bomb explosion at the shrine Imam Ali Reza in Mashhad."[57]
The 2004 (1425 AH) Shi'a pilgrimage to Karbala, the first since Saddam Hussein was removed from power in Iraq, was marred by bomb attacks, which killed and wounded hundreds despite tight security.
On January 19, 2008, 7 million Iraqi Shia pilgrims marched through Karbala city, Iraq to commemorate Ashura. 20,000 Iraqi troops and police guarded the event amid tensions due to clashes between Iraqi troops and members of a Shia cult, the Soldiers of Heaven, which left around 263 people dead (in Basra and Nasiriya).[58]
On December 28, 2009, dozens of people were killed and hundreds injured (including both Shia and Sunni commemorators) during the Ashura procession when a massive bomb exploded at the procession in Karachi, Pakistan (See: 2009 Karachi bombing). Reuters[59]
On December 15, 2010, 200 Shia followers were detained by the Selangor Islamic Department (JAIS) in a raid at a shop house in Sri Gombak known as Hauzah Imam Ali ar-Ridha (Hauzah ArRidha). This was because of a fatwa by a Salafi Selangor mufti, who had declared the Shias to be heritics. Khusrin said all the Shias mourners who were detained were to be charged under Section 12 of the Selangor Syariah Criminal Enactment 1995 which are insulting, rejecting, or dispute the violation of the instructions set out and given a fatwa by the Salafi religious authorities. ABNA[60]
On December 5, 2011, thirty Shia pilgrims participating in Ashura processions were killed by a series of bomb attacks in Hilla and Baghdad, Iraq.[61]
On December 6, 2011, a suicide attack killed 63 people and critically wounded 160 at a shrine in Kabul, Afghanistan where a crowd of hundreds had gathered for the day of Ashura observation.[62]
Ashura in the Gregorian calendar
While Ashura is always on the same day of the Islamic calendar, the date on the Gregorian calendar varies from year to year due to differences between the two calendars, since the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar and the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. Furthermore, the crescent appearance to determine when each Islamic month begins varies from country to country due to obvious geographical reasons[citation needed].
- 1430 AH
- 2009 6 January, in Middle East and Iran and Afghanistan
- 2009 7 January, in South Asia (i.e. Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, etc.)
- 1431 AH
- 2009 28 December, in India, Pakistan, Iran, N.America, Europe and Middle East and December
- 2009 29 December, in Far-East
- 1432 AH
- 2010 16 December, in part of Middle East and Iran
- 2010 17 December, in Iraq and South Asia (i.e. Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, etc.)
- 1433 AH
- 2011 5 December, in part of Middle East and Asia
- 2011 6 December, in Lebanon, Iraq, and North America
- 1435 AH
- 2013 14 November, in Iran, Iraq
- 1436 AH
- 2014 4 November, in Iran, Pakistan, India, and US.
Notes
- ^ Except his young son, Ali, who was severely ill during that battle.[19]
- ^ See Biharul Anwar 22/274, H. 21 and 44/298, H. 4
- ^ Quran, 12:84
- ^ From Shaykh as-Sadooq, al-Khisal; quoted in al-Ameen, Ayan, IV, 195. The same is quoted from Bin Shahraashoobs Manaqib in Bihar al-Anwar, XLVI, 108; Cf. similar accounts, Ibid, pp. 108-10
See also
- Ashura in Morocco
Footnotes
- ^ a b Sahih Bukhari Book 31 Hadith 222, Book 55 Hadith 609, and Book 58 Hadith 279, [1]; Sahih Muslim Book 6 Hadith 2518, 2519, 2520 [2]
- ^ a b Javed Ahmad Ghamidi. Mizan, The Fast, Al-Mawrid
- ^ Morrow, John Andrew. Islamic Images and Ideas: Essays on Sacred Symbolism. McFarland & Co, 2013. pp.234-236. ISBN 9780786458486
- ^ Katz, Marion Holmes The Birth of The Prophet Muhammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam. Routledge, 2007. pp.113-115. ISBN 9781135983949
- ^ a b c d e f g Madelung, Wilferd. "OSAYN B. ALI i. LIFE AND SIGNIFICANCE IN SHIISM". Encyclopædia Iranica Online. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
- ^ Cornell, Vincent J.; Kamran Scot Aghaie (2007). Voices of Islam. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. pp. 1178. ISBN 9780275987329. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
- ^ Public holidays in Afghanistan
- ^ Public holidays in Iran
- ^ Public holidays in Iraq
- ^ Public holidays in Lebanon
- ^ Public holidays in Bahrain
- ^ Public holidays in Turkey
- ^ Public holidays in Pakistan
- ^ [url=http://www.abna.ir/data.asp?lang=3&id=482977]
- ^ [url=http://www.jafariyanews.com/2k5_news/april/12hindusazadari_orissa.htm]
- ^ A.J. Wensinck, "shr", Encyclopaedia of Islam 2. Retrieved 08/06/2011.
- ^ Al Bidayah wa al-Nihayah [3]
- ^ Al-Sawa'iq al-Muhriqah [4]
- ^ Hoseini-e Jalali, Mohammad-Reza (1382). Jehad al-Imam al-Sajjad (in Persian). Translated by Musa Danesh. Iran, Mashhad: Razavi, Printing & Publishing Institute. pp. 214217.
- ^ a b " ".
- ^ a b " ". Velaiat.com. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- ^ Chelkowski, Peter J. (1979). Ta'ziyeh: Ritual and Drama in Iran. New York. p. 2.
- ^ "Ashura Day". WeGoIran.com. Tehran: WeGoIran Travel Agency.
- ^ Madelung, Wilferd. "AL B. OSAYN B. AL B. AB LEB". ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA. Retrieved August 1, 2011.
- ^ Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Irak. BURLEIGH PRESS. pp. 101111.
- ^ The history of Al-Tabari, Volume XIX The Caliphate of Yazid, translated by I. K. A. Howard, p:164
- ^ Edward Gibbon (1911). The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 5. London. pp. 391392.
- ^ Muir, William (1883). Annals of the Early Caliphate. London. pp. 441442.
- ^ a b Sharif al-Qarashi, Bqir (2000). The Life of Imm Zayn al-Abidin (as). Translated by Jsim al-Rasheed. Iraq: Ansariyan Publications, n.d. Print.
- ^ Goldziher, Ignác (1981). Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law. Princeton. p. 179.
- ^ "Zaynab Bint Ali". Encyclopedia of Religion. Retrieved January 19, 2008.
- ^ Imam Ali ubnal Husain (2009). Al-Saheefah Al-Sajjadiyyah Al-Kaamelah. Translated with an Introduction and annotation by Willian C. Chittick With a foreword by S. H. M. Jafri. Qum, The Islamic Republic of Iran: Ansariyan Publications.
- ^ a b "HOSAYN B. ALI in Popular Shiism". Encyclopedia of Iranica. Archived from the original on January 17, 2008. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
- ^ al Musawi, 2006, p. 51.
- ^ Litvak, 1998, p. 16.
- ^ Turkish Alevis are mourning on this day for the remembrance of the death of Huseyn bin Ali at Kerbala in Irak.
- ^ Cornell, Vincent J.; Kamran Scot Aghaie (2007). Voices of Islam. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. pp. 1112. ISBN 9780275987329. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
- ^ "Karbala', an Enduring Paradigm". Al-islam.org. Retrieved December 28, 2010.
- ^ Ayoub, Shiism (1988), pp. 258 and 259
- ^ a b c Edith Szanto, Sayyida Zaynab in the State of Exception: Shii Sainthood as Qualified Life in Contemporary Syria, International Journal of Middle East Studies 44 no. 2 (2012): 285-299.
- ^ "Ashura observed with blood streams to mark Karbala tragedy". Jafariya News Network. Retrieved December 28, 2010.
- ^ "Scars on the backs of the young". New Statesman. UK. June 6, 2005. Retrieved December 28, 2010.
- ^ Bird, Steve (August 28, 2008). "Devout Muslim guilty of making boys beat themselves during Shia ceremony". The Times (London). Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ "British Muslim convicted over teen floggings". Alarabiya.net. August 27, 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2010.
- ^ David Pinault, Shia Lamentation Rituals and Reinterpretations of the Doctrine of Intercession: Two Cases from Modern India, History of Religions 38 no. 3 (1999): 285-305.
- ^ Nasr, Vali, "The Shia Revival," Norton, 2006, p.50
- ^ "www.ashura.com.au". www.ashura.com.au. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- ^ Korom, Frank J. (2003). Hosay Trinidad: Muharram Performances in an Indo-Caribbean Diaspora. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. ISBN 0-8122-3683-1.
- ^ Shankar, Guha (2003) Imagining India(ns): Cultural Performances and Diaspora Politics in Jamaica. PhD Dissertation, University of Texas, Austin pdf
- ^ Al-Bukhari, [5]
- ^ Emmanuel Sivan. "Sunni Radicalism in the Middle East and the Iranian Revolution". International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 21, No. 1. (Feb., 1989), pp. 130
- ^ IslamOnline Art & Entertainment Section[dead link]
- ^ a b Calmard, J. "'AZAÚDAÚRÈ". Encyclopedia Iranica. Archived from the original on May 4, 2008. Retrieved December 16, 2010.
- ^ "ABC Evening News for Monday, June 20, 1994 from the Vanderbilt Television News Archive". Tvnews.vanderbilt.edu. 1994-06-20. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- ^ By ALI AKBAR DAREINI, Associated Press Writer. "Explosive circles: Iran. (Mashhad bombing)". Highbeam.com. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- ^ Darling, Dan (March 11, 2004). "Special Analysis: The Ashura Massacre".
- ^ Raman, B. (January 7, 2002). "SIPAH-E-SAHABA PAKISTAN, LASHKAR-E-JHANGVI, BIN LADEN & RAMZI YOUSEF".
- ^ BBC NEWS, Iraqi Shia pilgrims mark holy day
- ^ "Reuters News clip". Youtube.com. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- ^ "Malaysian Wahhabi Extremists Attacked Shia Mourners, Detain 200 + PIC". Abna.ir. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- ^ "BBC News - Deadly bomb attacks on Shia pilgrims in Iraq". Bbc.co.uk. 2011-12-05. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- ^ Harooni, Mirwais. "Blasts across Afghanistan target Shi'ites, 59 dead". Reuters. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
References
- Litvak, Meir (1998). Shi'i Scholars of Nineteenth-Century Iraq: The Ulama of Najaf and Karbala. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-89296-1
- al Musawi, Muhsin (2006). Reading Iraq: Culture and Power and Conflict. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1-84511-070-6
- al Mufid, al-Shaykh Muhammad (Dec 1982(1st ed.)). Kitab Al-Irshad. Tahrike Tarsile Quran. ISBN 0-940368-12-9, ISBN 978-0-940368-12-5
- al-Azdi, abu Mikhnaf, Maqtal al-Husayn. Shia Ithnasheri Community of Middlesex [www.sicm.org.uk/knowledge/Kitab%20Maqtal%20al-Husayn.pdf]
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ashura. |
- Is Aashura a day of mourning or rejoicing?
- Ashura 2013
- Events on the day of Ashura
- Ashura Awareness Handouts
- Ashura An article by Encyclopædia Britannica Online
- Ashura in Iranian culture An article by Encyclopædia Britannica Online
- What is Ashura? (BBC News)
- What is Ashura? By Abdul-Ilah As-Saadi Al Jazeera
- Ashura Australia Official Website of the Annual Ashura Procession in Sydney, Australia
- Shia days of remembrance
- Islamic holy days
- Husayn ibn Ali
- Fixed holidays (on non-Gregorian calendars)
Travelling is my life
ConversionConversion EmoticonEmoticon